[{"god_a":"Amun","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.42, c. 430 BCE","note":"Herodotus says plainly that Amun is the Egyptian name for Zeus, and explains the ram-headed images of Theban Zeus.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_II"},{"god_a":"Amun","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Ra","kind":"merged","by":"Theban theology of the New Kingdom, c. 1550 BCE","note":"Amun of Thebes fused with the sun god Ra as Amun-Ra, the chief god of the empire.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"god_a":"Amun","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Jupiter","kind":"identified","by":"Roman cult of Jupiter Ammon","note":"The Romans took over the Greek Zeus Ammon as Jupiter Ammon, whose Libyan temple gave its name to sal ammoniac.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"god_a":"Dionysus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Osiris","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.42 and 2.144, c. 430 BCE","note":"Osiris, the one god worshipped across all Egypt with Isis, is \"in the Greek language Dionysus\".","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_II"},{"god_a":"Dionysus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Dushara (Orotalt)","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 3.8, c. 430 BCE","note":"The Arabians call Dionysus Orotalt; the later Nabataean god Dushara was likewise linked with Dionysus and Zeus.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_III"},{"god_a":"Dionysus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Yahweh","kind":"identified","by":"Plutarch, Table Talk 4.6; Tacitus, Varro, John the Lydian","note":"Several Greek and Roman writers took the god of the Jews for Bacchus-Dionysus, from the vine imagery and the cries heard at Jewish festivals.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"god_a":"Dionysus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Sabazius","kind":"identified","by":"Diodorus Siculus, 1st c. BCE","note":"Greeks also read Sabazios as Dionysus, and Diodorus made him the secret second Dionysus.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabazius"},{"god_a":"Dionysus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Shiva","kind":"identified","by":"Greek writers from Alexander's campaign, late 4th c. BCE","note":"Greek texts of Alexander's time call Shiva the \"Indian Dionysus\".","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"god_a":"Dionysus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Fufluns","kind":"identified","by":"Etruscan religion, Archaic period","note":"The Etruscan god of growth and wine, Fufluns, is related to Dionysus.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_mythology"},{"god_a":"Osiris","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Serapis","kind":"merged","by":"Ptolemy I Soter, Alexandria, early 3rd c. BCE","note":"Serapis began as Osiris-Apis (wsjr-hp) and was promoted by Ptolemy I as a god for Greeks and Egyptians alike.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis"},{"god_a":"Demeter","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Isis","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.59 and 2.156, c. 430 BCE","note":"At Busiris stands a great temple of Isis, \"who is in the Greek language Demeter\".","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_II"},{"god_a":"Apollo","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Horus","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.144 and 2.156, c. 430 BCE","note":"Horus son of Osiris, the last god to rule Egypt after deposing Typhon, is the one the Greeks call Apollo.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_II"},{"god_a":"Apollo","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Nabu","kind":"identified","by":"Hellenistic Babylonia and Syria","note":"Nabu, son of Marduk and god of the scribal art, was taken for Apollo as a giver of prophecies.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabu"},{"god_a":"Apollo","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Mithra","kind":"identified","by":"Nemrut Dag monument of Antiochus I of Commagene, 62 BCE","note":"One of the colossal Nemrut statues is Apollo-Mithras-Helios-Hermes.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut"},{"god_a":"Apollo","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Goitosyros","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 4.59, c. 430 BCE","note":"The Scythian Apollo is Goitosyros.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_IV"},{"god_a":"Apollo","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Belenus","kind":"identified","by":"Inscriptions of Aquileia; Herodian 8.3, 238 CE","note":"Belenus, patron of Aquileia, was commonly identified with Apollo as a healer.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belenus"},{"god_a":"Apollo","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Grannus","kind":"identified","by":"Dedications to Apollo Grannus; Cassius Dio on Caracalla, 213 CE","note":"The healing spring god was worshipped as Apollo Grannus, and Caracalla sought his help.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grannus"},{"god_a":"Artemis","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Bastet","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.137 and 2.156, c. 430 BCE","note":"The cat goddess of Bubastis, whose festival was the greatest in Egypt, \"is, in the Greek language, Artemis\".","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_II"},{"god_a":"Artemis","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Diana","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Diana shared a couch with her brother Apollo, as Artemis did in Greece.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Artemis","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Hecate","kind":"identified","by":"Greek religion from the 5th c. BCE","note":"Hecate was frequently equated with Artemis in the classical world.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecate"},{"god_a":"Artemis","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Isis","kind":"identified","by":"Ptolemaic Egypt","note":"Through Bastet, Isis was linked with the lunar Artemis.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"god_a":"Athena","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Neith","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.59 and 2.62, c. 430 BCE","note":"Herodotus calls the goddess of Sais, Neith, by the name Athena and describes her Feast of Lamps.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neith"},{"god_a":"Athena","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Isis","kind":"identified","by":"Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris 9, c. 100 CE","note":"The veiled statue at Sais was of Athena, \"whom they believe to be Isis\", with its famous inscription about no mortal lifting her robe.","source":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/A.html"},{"god_a":"Athena","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Minerva","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Minerva, goddess of crafts and wisdom, was the Roman Athena.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Athena","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Menrva","kind":"adopted","by":"Etruscan Orientalizing period, 7th c. BCE","note":"Menrva is listed among the Greek gods the Etruscans adopted in the Orientalizing period.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_mythology"},{"god_a":"Pan","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Pushan","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *Peh2uson, protector of herds","note":"Greek Pan and Vedic Pushan, both herd gods, continue *Peh2uson.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Banebdjedet","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Pan","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.46, c. 430 BCE","note":"The goat-ram god of Mendes is Pan for Herodotus, who notes that the Egyptian word Mendes means both he-goat and Pan.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_II"},{"god_a":"Leto","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Wadjet","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.59 and 2.156, c. 430 BCE","note":"The cobra goddess of Buto, who hid the infant Horus on a floating island, appears in Herodotus as Leto.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjet"},{"god_a":"Helios","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Ra","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.59, c. 430 BCE","note":"Herodotus counts the festival of the Sun at Heliopolis, the city of Ra, among the six great feasts of Egypt.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_II"},{"god_a":"Helios","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Mithra","kind":"identified","by":"Nemrut Dag monument of Antiochus I of Commagene, 62 BCE","note":"In Hellenistic Asia Minor Mithra was merged with the sun as Apollo-Helios-Mithras-Hermes.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra"},{"god_a":"Hephaestus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Ptah","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.3 and 2.99, c. 430 BCE","note":"The great temple of Ptah at Memphis is for Herodotus the temple of Hephaestus, the craftsman god.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca"},{"god_a":"Hephaestus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Vulcan","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Vulcan the smith god was the Roman Hephaestus.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Hermes","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Thoth","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.67; Plato, Phaedrus 274c, 5th-4th c. BCE","note":"Ibises were buried at Thoth's city Khmun, which the Greeks renamed Hermopolis, the city of Hermes; Plato tells of Theuth inventing writing.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth"},{"god_a":"Hermes","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Hermes Trismegistus","kind":"merged","by":"Ibis cult council near Memphis, 172 BCE","note":"The \"thrice great\" title of Thoth passed to Hermes, producing the patron of Hermetic wisdom.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus"},{"god_a":"Hermes","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Mithra","kind":"identified","by":"Nemrut Dag monument of Antiochus I of Commagene, 62 BCE","note":"Hermes is the fourth name in the Commagenian god Apollo-Mithras-Helios-Hermes.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut"},{"god_a":"Hermes","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Mercury","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Mercury, god of trade and messages, took the role and myths of Hermes.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Set","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Typhon","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.144 and 2.156, c. 430 BCE","note":"Set, the enemy of Osiris and Horus, became the monster Typhon in Greek accounts of Egyptian myth.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(deity)"},{"god_a":"Set","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Teshub","kind":"identified","by":"Treaty of Ramesses II and Hattusili III, c. 1259 BCE","note":"In the Egyptian-Hittite treaties after Qadesh the Hittite storm gods appear as forms of Sutekh, that is Set.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(deity)"},{"god_a":"Heracles","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Heryshaf","kind":"identified","by":"Greek naming of Herakleopolis Magna, Ptolemaic period","note":"Egyptians most often identified Heracles with the ram god Heryshaf (Arsaphes), whose cult centre was Herakleopolis Magna.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"god_a":"Heracles","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Melqart","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 2.44, c. 430 BCE; Cyprus from the 6th c. BCE","note":"Herodotus sailed to Tyre to see the temple of \"Heracles\", the city god Melqart, and was told it was 2,300 years old.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_II"},{"god_a":"Heracles","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Nergal","kind":"identified","by":"Inscriptions and art of Palmyra, Hatra and Tarsus, 1st-3rd c. CE","note":"In the Hellenistic East Heracles served as the Greek name of the underworld god Nergal.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal"},{"god_a":"Heracles","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Verethragna","kind":"identified","by":"Nemrut Dag monument of Antiochus I of Commagene, 62 BCE","note":"The Iranian victory god Verethragna (Artagnes) stands at Nemrut as Heracles-Artagnes-Ares.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut"},{"god_a":"Heracles","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Krishna","kind":"identified","by":"Megasthenes, Indica, c. 300 BCE (quoted by later writers)","note":"Megasthenes says the Sourasenoi of Methora (Mathura) worship Heracles, most likely Hari-Krishna.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"god_a":"Heracles","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Hercules","kind":"adopted","by":"Archaic Rome, via Etruscan Hercle, 6th c. BCE","note":"Heracles reached Rome through the Etruscan Hercle and became Hercules.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca"},{"god_a":"Heracles","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Ogmios","kind":"identified","by":"Lucian, Heracles 1-6, c. 175 CE","note":"Lucian saw in Gaul an old, dark Heracles called Ogmios, leading men by chains fixed to his tongue.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmios"},{"god_a":"Heracles","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Hercle","kind":"adopted","by":"Etruscan Orientalizing period, 7th c. BCE","note":"The Etruscans adopted the Greek hero as Hercle, the bridge to the Roman Hercules.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_mythology"},{"god_a":"Aphrodite","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Nephthys","kind":"identified","by":"Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris 12, c. 100 CE","note":"Plutarch says Nephthys is called \"Finality\", Aphrodite, and sometimes Victory.","source":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/A.html"},{"god_a":"Aphrodite","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Isis","kind":"identified","by":"Ptolemaic Egypt, 2nd-1st c. BCE","note":"Figurines of Isis-Aphrodite show the two goddesses joined through their power over love and birth.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"god_a":"Aphrodite","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Astarte","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 1.105, c. 430 BCE","note":"The temple of Heavenly Aphrodite at Ascalon was, Herodotus heard, the mother of her temples in Cyprus and Cythera, founded by Phoenicians.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_I"},{"god_a":"Aphrodite","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Mylitta","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 1.131 and 1.199, c. 430 BCE","note":"Herodotus says the Assyrians call Aphrodite Mylitta, the name invoked in the Babylonian temple rite he describes.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_I"},{"god_a":"Aphrodite","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Mithra","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 1.131, c. 430 BCE","note":"Herodotus claims the Persians learned to worship Heavenly Aphrodite and call her \"Mitra\", a name that recalls the god Mithra.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_I"},{"god_a":"Aphrodite","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Argimpasa","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 4.59, c. 430 BCE","note":"Heavenly Aphrodite among the Scythians is Argimpasa.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_IV"},{"god_a":"Aphrodite","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Venus","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Venus, paired with Mars, took over the myths of Aphrodite.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Serapis","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Graeco-Roman cult of Serapis, 3rd c. BCE onward","note":"Serapis was sculpted as a bearded, enthroned king in the image of Zeus, and ancient writers linked the two.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis"},{"god_a":"Apis","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Serapis","kind":"merged","by":"Ptolemy I Soter, Alexandria, early 3rd c. BCE","note":"The sacred bull of Memphis, who became Osiris at death, is the second half of the name Serapis.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis"},{"god_a":"Hades","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Serapis","kind":"identified","by":"Graeco-Egyptian cult of Serapis, 3rd c. BCE onward","note":"Serapis took the chthonic powers of Hades and was shown enthroned with Cerberus at his side.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis"},{"god_a":"Hades","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Pluto (Dis)","kind":"identified","by":"Roman religion, from the 3rd c. BCE","note":"Dis Pater, later Pluto, was the Roman Hades.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca"},{"god_a":"Hermes Trismegistus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Thoth","kind":"merged","by":"Ptolemaic Hermopolis, title \"thrice great\" attested 172 BCE","note":"Thoth and Hermes were worshipped as one in Thoth's temple at Hermopolis, and the joint god became Hermes Trismegistus.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus"},{"god_a":"Anubis","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Hermanubis","kind":"merged","by":"Roman Egypt, 1st-3rd c. CE","note":"Anubis and Hermes were both guides of souls, so the two were fused into the jackal-headed Hermanubis.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanubis"},{"god_a":"Hermanubis","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Hermes","kind":"merged","by":"Roman Egypt, 1st-3rd c. CE","note":"Hermanubis is Hermes the conductor of the dead combined with Anubis.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermanubis"},{"god_a":"Harpocrates","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Horus","kind":"adopted","by":"Ptolemaic Alexandria, 3rd c. BCE","note":"Har-pa-khered, Horus the Child, became the Greek god of silence Harpocrates.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpocrates"},{"god_a":"Atum","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Ra","kind":"merged","by":"Pyramid Texts, c. 2400 BCE","note":"The Pyramid Texts already join the creator Atum and the sun god as Ra-Atum.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum"},{"god_a":"Hathor","pantheon_a":"Egyptian","god_b":"Isis","kind":"merged","by":"New Kingdom Egypt, c. 1550-1070 BCE","note":"Isis took over Hathor's sistrum and cow-horn crown with the sun disk.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"god_a":"Jupiter","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Thor","kind":"identified","by":"Weekday name Thursday (dies Iovis); Adam of Bremen 4.26, c. 1075","note":"Thursday, Thor's day, translates Jupiter's day; Adam of Bremen says Thor with his mace looks like Jupiter.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday"},{"god_a":"Jupiter","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Taranis","kind":"identified","by":"Berne scholia on Lucan; Latin inscriptions","note":"The thunder god Taranis is equated with Jupiter in inscriptions and in one of the scholia.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranis"},{"god_a":"Jupiter","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *Dyeus; also identified by the Romans","note":"Zeus and Jupiter descend from one sky father, and the Romans identified them outright.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeus"},{"god_a":"Astarte","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Inanna (Ishtar)","kind":"identified","by":"God lists from Ugarit and Emar, 14th-13th c. BCE","note":"Syrian scribes listed the West Semitic Ashtart as the counterpart of Ishtar and often did not distinguish them.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte"},{"god_a":"Astarte","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Isis","kind":"identified","by":"Phoenician and Punic cult, from the 6th c. BCE","note":"From at least the 6th century BCE Phoenicians identified Ashtart with Isis, a link that lasted into Roman North Africa.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte"},{"god_a":"Astarte","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Uni","kind":"identified","by":"Pyrgi Tablets, Caere, c. 500 BCE","note":"The gold tablets of Pyrgi, in Etruscan and Phoenician, dedicate one shrine to Uni in the one text and to Ashtart in the other.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets"},{"god_a":"Astarte","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Juno","kind":"identified","by":"Tas-Silg temple, Malta, 5th-1st c. BCE; Cicero","note":"The Maltese sanctuary of Ashtart was identified with Hera and then Juno, so Cicero called it the temple of Juno.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte"},{"god_a":"Astarte","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Shaushka","kind":"identified","by":"Ugaritic texts, 13th c. BCE","note":"Some Ugaritic texts equate Ashtart with the Hurrian goddess Shaushka.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte"},{"god_a":"Allat","pantheon_a":"Arabian","god_b":"Aphrodite","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 1.131 and 3.8, c. 430 BCE","note":"The Arabians call Heavenly Aphrodite Alilat, one of only two gods Herodotus says they recognise.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_III"},{"god_a":"Allat","pantheon_a":"Arabian","god_b":"Athena","kind":"identified","by":"Palmyrene cult of Athena-Allat, 2nd c. CE","note":"At Palmyra al-Lat was carved in Athena's helmet and aegis and called Athena-Allat.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allat"},{"god_a":"Marduk","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 1.181, c. 430 BCE","note":"The great ziggurat precinct of Babylon is for Herodotus the sacred enclosure of Zeus Belus, that is, Bel Marduk.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_I"},{"god_a":"Inanna (Ishtar)","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Shaushka","kind":"identified","by":"Hurro-Hittite god lists, 2nd millennium BCE","note":"Hittite scribes wrote Shaushka with the logogram for Ishtar and lists equated the two.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaushka"},{"god_a":"Juno","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Uni","kind":"identified","by":"Etruscan and Roman religion","note":"Uni, consort of Tinia, corresponds to the Roman Juno.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_mythology"},{"god_a":"Anat","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Athena","kind":"identified","by":"Anat-Athena bilingual, Lapethos, Cyprus, 4th c. BCE","note":"A Phoenician-Greek inscription from Cyprus renders Anat as Athena Soteira Nike, two virgin war goddesses.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat"},{"god_a":"Baal","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Set","kind":"identified","by":"Hyksos rule and New Kingdom Egypt, c. 1650-1100 BCE","note":"The Hyksos identified their storm god Baal with Set, and the pair was worshipped as Seth-Baal long after.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"god_a":"Baal","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Horus","kind":"identified","by":"Papyrus Amherst 63, Aramaic in Demotic script, c. 4th c. BCE","note":"The papyrus blesses by \"Baal from Zephon\" and in parallel by Horus, so the storm god could also be Horus.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"god_a":"Baal","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Teshub","kind":"identified","by":"Hurrian god lists from Ugarit, 13th c. BCE","note":"Teshub was recognised as the equivalent of Ugaritic Baal and other Syrian weather gods.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshub"},{"god_a":"Baal","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Yahweh","kind":"merged","by":"Israelite religion, Iron Age","note":"Baal's character as storm and weather god was absorbed into the conception of Yahweh.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"god_a":"Adad (Ishkur)","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Baal","kind":"identified","by":"Ugaritic and Syrian god lists, Late Bronze Age","note":"Baal of Ugarit was the West Semitic Hadad, written with the same logogram dIM as Mesopotamian Adad.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"god_a":"Adad (Ishkur)","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Teshub","kind":"identified","by":"Mitanni and Hurrian god lists, 2nd millennium BCE","note":"The Hurrian storm god Teshub was written dIM like Adad, and lists made them equivalents.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"god_a":"Adad (Ishkur)","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Hellenistic and Roman Syria","note":"Hadad was equated with Zeus, with Jupiter (as Jupiter Dolichenus), and with Babylonian Bel.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"god_a":"Baalshamin","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Philo of Byblos (Eusebius, Praep. Ev. 1.10); Nabataean Greek texts, 1st-2nd c. CE","note":"Philo says the Phoenician \"lord of heaven\", Beelsamen, is Zeus in Greek; Nabataean texts call him Zeus Helios.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalshamin"},{"god_a":"El","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Kumarbi","kind":"identified","by":"Trilingual Weidner god list, Ugarit, 13th c. BCE","note":"The Ugarit god list presents Kumarbi and Enlil as the equivalents of the local god El.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarbi"},{"god_a":"El","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Yahweh","kind":"merged","by":"Israelite religion, Iron Age","note":"Yahweh absorbed El, taking his place as head of the pantheon and his epithets such as El Shaddai.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"god_a":"Cronus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"El","kind":"identified","by":"Philo of Byblos, Phoenician History (after Sanchuniathon), c. 100 CE","note":"In Philo's Phoenician theogony El, called Elus and Cronus, overthrows and castrates his father Sky and founds Byblos.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchuniathon"},{"god_a":"Cronus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Enki (Ea)","kind":"identified","by":"Berossus, Babyloniaca, early 3rd c. BCE","note":"The Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in Greek, called Ea Kronos in his flood story.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki"},{"god_a":"Cronus","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Saturn","kind":"identified","by":"Roman religion, from the 3rd c. BCE","note":"Saturn, the old harvest god, was given the myths of Cronus.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca"},{"god_a":"Saturn","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Yahweh","kind":"identified","by":"Tacitus, Histories 5.4, c. 105 CE","note":"Tacitus reports the view that the Jewish Sabbath honoured Saturn.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_romana"},{"god_a":"Baal Hammon","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Saturn","kind":"identified","by":"Roman North Africa, 2nd c. BCE onward","note":"The chief god of Carthage, Baal Hammon, lived on as the African Saturn.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"god_a":"Baal Hammon","pantheon_a":"Canaanite","god_b":"Cronus","kind":"identified","by":"Greek writers on Carthage, Hellenistic period","note":"Greeks called the Carthaginian Baal Hammon Cronus.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal"},{"god_a":"Enki (Ea)","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Kothar-wa-Khasis","kind":"identified","by":"Ugaritic ritual god list, 13th c. BCE","note":"An Ugaritic list renders the craftsman god Kothar by the name of Ea, the Mesopotamian god of crafts.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki"},{"god_a":"Ereshkigal","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Hecate","kind":"identified","by":"Greek Magical Papyri, 3rd-4th c. CE","note":"Spells call on \"Hecate Ereschigal\", giving the Greek goddess the name of the Sumerian queen of the dead.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereshkigal"},{"god_a":"Hecate","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Isis","kind":"identified","by":"Hellenistic syncretism","note":"In Hellenistic syncretism Hecate became closely associated with Isis.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecate"},{"god_a":"Shimige","pantheon_a":"Anatolian and Hurrian","god_b":"Utu (Shamash)","kind":"identified","by":"Trilingual Weidner god list, Ugarit, 13th c. BCE","note":"The Hurrian sun god Shimige is equated directly with Utu in the Sumero-Hurro-Ugaritic god list.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utu"},{"god_a":"Enlil","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Kumarbi","kind":"identified","by":"Hurrian and Syrian god lists, from the 16th c. BCE","note":"Kumarbi and Enlil were treated as equivalents, and a trilingual list from Ugarit makes both the equal of El.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarbi"},{"god_a":"Anu","pantheon_a":"Mesopotamian","god_b":"Kumarbi","kind":"adopted","by":"Hurro-Hittite Song of Kumarbi, c. 14th-13th c. BCE","note":"The Mesopotamian sky god Anu entered the Hurrian theogony, where Kumarbi bites off his genitals and conceives Teshub.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarbi"},{"god_a":"Sabazius","pantheon_a":"Anatolian and Hurrian","god_b":"Yahweh","kind":"identified","by":"Valerius Maximus 1.3.2, on the expulsion of 139 BCE","note":"Rome expelled Jews in 139 BCE for spreading the cult of \"Jupiter Sabazius\", apparently confusing Sabaoth with Sabazius.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabazius"},{"god_a":"Sabazius","pantheon_a":"Anatolian and Hurrian","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Hellenistic inscriptions of Asia Minor","note":"The Phrygian horseman god appears in inscriptions as Zeus Sabazios.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabazius"},{"god_a":"Ahura Mazda","pantheon_a":"Iranian","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus 1.131; Nemrut Dag monument of Antiochus I, 62 BCE","note":"Herodotus says the Persians call the whole circle of heaven Zeus; at Nemrut the statue is Zeus-Oromasdes.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut"},{"god_a":"Mithra","pantheon_a":"Iranian","god_b":"Mitra","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-Iranian *Mitras","note":"Vedic Mitra and Avestan Mithra are one Indo-Iranian god of the covenant.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra"},{"god_a":"Ares","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Verethragna","kind":"identified","by":"Nemrut Dag monument of Antiochus I of Commagene, 62 BCE","note":"Ares is the third name of the Nemrut statue of Artagnes, the god of victory.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut"},{"god_a":"Ares","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Mars","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Mars and Venus lay together on the third couch, as Ares and Aphrodite were lovers in Greek myth.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Hestia","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Tabiti","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 4.59, c. 430 BCE","note":"Tabiti, the hearth goddess honoured above all by the Scythians, is Hestia.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_IV"},{"god_a":"Hestia","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Vesta","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Vesta of the sacred hearth was the Roman Hestia.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Papaios","pantheon_a":"Scythian","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 4.59, c. 430 BCE","note":"The Scythians call Zeus Papaios, \"most rightly so called\" says Herodotus, as the All-Father.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_IV"},{"god_a":"Gaia","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Nerthus","kind":"identified","by":"Tacitus, Germania 40, 98 CE","note":"Tacitus describes the island goddess whose wagon tours the tribes as Terra Mater, Mother Earth.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=40"},{"god_a":"Api","pantheon_a":"Scythian","god_b":"Gaia","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 4.59, c. 430 BCE","note":"Earth, the wife of the Scythian Zeus, is called Api.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_IV"},{"god_a":"Poseidon","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Thagimasadas","kind":"identified","by":"Herodotus, Histories 4.59, c. 430 BCE","note":"The Royal Scythians also sacrifice to Poseidon, whom they call Thagimasadas.","source":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Herodotus_The_Persian_Wars_(Godley)/Book_IV"},{"god_a":"Hera","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Juno","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Juno, paired with Jupiter on the first couch, was the Roman Hera.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Neptune","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Poseidon","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Neptune shared a couch with Minerva and was worshipped as the Roman Poseidon.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Minerva","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Sulis","kind":"identified","by":"Temple of Sulis Minerva, Bath, late 1st c. CE","note":"The hot spring goddess of Bath was worshipped as Sulis Minerva, the Celtic name always first.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulis"},{"god_a":"Mars","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Týr","kind":"identified","by":"Altar to Mars Thincsus, Housesteads, 3rd c. CE; Tuesday","note":"Frisian soldiers on Hadrian's Wall honoured \"Mars Thincsus\", the Germanic god of the assembly, and Tuesday translates dies Martis.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDr"},{"god_a":"Mars","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Odin","kind":"identified","by":"Adam of Bremen, Gesta 4.26, c. 1075","note":"At the temple of Uppsala, Adam writes, Wodan is shown armed, \"as our people depict Mars\".","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala"},{"god_a":"Mars","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Teutates","kind":"identified","by":"Inscriptions MARTI TOUTATI, Barkway, Britain, 2nd-3rd c. CE","note":"Mars is the only Roman god paired with Teutates on inscriptions.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutates"},{"god_a":"Mars","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Nodens","kind":"identified","by":"Inscriptions at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, Roman Britain","note":"Most inscriptions equate the healer Nodens with Mars; his name is cognate with Irish Nuada.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodens"},{"god_a":"Diana","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Hecate","kind":"identified","by":"Roman religion, as Trivia","note":"The Romans knew Hecate as Trivia, an epithet she shared with Diana, and the two were closely identified.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecate"},{"god_a":"Mercury","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Odin","kind":"identified","by":"Tacitus, Germania 9, 98 CE; Paul the Deacon 1.9, c. 790","note":"Mercury is the god the Germans chiefly worship, says Tacitus; Paul the Deacon says Wotan \"is the one the Romans call Mercury\".","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=9"},{"god_a":"Mercury","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Teutates","kind":"identified","by":"Berne scholia on Lucan 1.445, late antiquity","note":"One scholiast equates Teutates with Mercury, another with Mars.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutates"},{"god_a":"Ceres","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Demeter","kind":"identified","by":"Roman lectisternium of the twelve gods, 217 BCE (Livy 22.10)","note":"Ceres, the grain goddess, was the Roman Demeter.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+22.10"},{"god_a":"Pluto (Dis)","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Taranis","kind":"identified","by":"Berne scholia on Lucan 1.446, late antiquity","note":"The other scholiast tradition makes Taranis Dis Pater, the father Caesar says the Gauls claim descent from.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranis"},{"god_a":"Bacchus","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Dionysus","kind":"adopted","by":"Rome, formal identification by 205 BCE","note":"The Romans took Dionysus over as Bacchus and identified him with their own Liber Pater.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"god_a":"Hercules","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Melqart","kind":"identified","by":"Greek and Roman writers, Hellenistic and Roman periods","note":"Greeks and Romans knew Melqart as the Tyrian Hercules.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melqart"},{"god_a":"Hercules","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Thor","kind":"identified","by":"Tacitus, Germania 3 and 9, 98 CE","note":"Tacitus's German Hercules is usually taken to be Donar, perhaps for his hammer and club.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor"},{"god_a":"Alcis","pantheon_a":"Norse","god_b":"Castor and Pollux (Dioscuri)","kind":"identified","by":"Tacitus, Germania 43, 98 CE","note":"The twin youths worshipped by the Nahanarvali are, \"in Roman language\", Castor and Pollux.","source":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=43"},{"god_a":"Alcis","pantheon_a":"Norse","god_b":"Ashvins","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European divine twins","note":"The Germanic Alcis are another branch of the divine twins.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Frigg","pantheon_a":"Norse","god_b":"Venus","kind":"identified","by":"Weekday name Friday (dies Veneris), c. 3rd-4th c. CE","note":"Friday, Frigg's day, renders Venus's day of the Roman week.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday"},{"god_a":"Esus","pantheon_a":"Celtic","god_b":"Mars","kind":"identified","by":"Berne scholia on Lucan 1.445, late antiquity","note":"All three commentaries make Esus Mars, though one notes others say Mercury.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esus"},{"god_a":"Taranis","pantheon_a":"Celtic","god_b":"Thor","kind":"cognate","by":"Common thunder-word *tonaros","note":"Germanic *Thunaraz and Celtic Taranus may both come from an old word for thunder.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor"},{"god_a":"Brigantia","pantheon_a":"Celtic","god_b":"Minerva","kind":"identified","by":"Birrens relief, Dumfriesshire, early 3rd c. CE","note":"The Birrens relief gives Brigantia Minerva's helmet and gorgon breastplate.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)"},{"god_a":"Brigantia","pantheon_a":"Celtic","god_b":"Brigid","kind":"cognate","by":"Shared Celtic name \"the exalted one\"","note":"Irish Brigid and British Brigantia share a Celtic name stem; scholars debate a common origin.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigantia_(goddess)"},{"god_a":"Lugh","pantheon_a":"Celtic","god_b":"Lugus","kind":"cognate","by":"Common Celtic *Lugus","note":"Irish Lugh and Welsh Lleu are regular reflexes of the Gaulish god name Lugus, though some doubt the link.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugus"},{"god_a":"Lugus","pantheon_a":"Celtic","god_b":"Mercury","kind":"identified","by":"Caesar, Gallic War 6.17, c. 50 BCE (as usually read)","note":"Caesar's Gaulish Mercury, \"inventor of all arts\", is often read as Lugus, a contested identification.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugus"},{"god_a":"Dyaus Pita","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *Dyeus ph2ter, sky father","note":"Zeus Pater and Vedic Dyaus Pita continue the same sky-father formula.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeus"},{"god_a":"Dyaus Pita","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Jupiter","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *Dyeus ph2ter","note":"Iupiter comes from *Djous-pater, the same sky father as Dyaus Pita.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeus"},{"god_a":"Dyaus Pita","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Týr","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Germanic *Tiwaz from *deywos","note":"Tyr's name comes from the same root as Dyaus and Zeus, though he may never have been a sky god.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeus"},{"god_a":"Eos","pantheon_a":"Greek","god_b":"Ushas","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *H2ewsos, dawn","note":"Vedic Ushas and Greek Eos are the same dawn goddess under inherited names.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushas"},{"god_a":"Aurora","pantheon_a":"Roman","god_b":"Eos","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *H2ewsos, dawn","note":"Roman Aurora continues the same dawn goddess as Eos and Ushas.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Ashvins","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Castor and Pollux (Dioscuri)","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European divine twins","note":"The horse-riding Vedic Ashvins and the Greek Dioscuri are the inherited sons of the sky god.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Perkunas","pantheon_a":"Baltic","god_b":"Thor","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *Perkwunos, thunderer (western branches)","note":"Baltic Perkunas and Germanic Thor are listed among the reflexes of the oak-and-thunder god.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Perkunas","pantheon_a":"Baltic","god_b":"Perun","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *Perkwunos","note":"Slavic Perun and Baltic Perkunas share the thunderer's inherited name.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Parjanya","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Perkunas","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *Perkwunos (possible)","note":"The Vedic rain god Parjanya is a possible cognate of Perkunas.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Apam Napat","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Neptune","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-European *H2epom Nepots, grandson of the waters","note":"Roman Neptunus and Vedic Apam Napat are proposed descendants of one water god.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Yama","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Yima","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Indo-Iranian *Yemo, the primordial twin","note":"Vedic Yama, first of the dead, and Avestan Yima descend from the twin of the creation myth.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"god_a":"Yama","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Yanluo","kind":"adopted","by":"Chinese Buddhism; ten-kings tradition from the Tang dynasty","note":"Yanluo Wang is a transcription of Yama Raja, King Yama, judge of the dead in Chinese belief.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Yan"},{"god_a":"Indra","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Taishakuten","kind":"adopted","by":"Buddhist Sakka in the Pali canon; Japanese Twelve Devas, Heian period","note":"Indra entered Buddhism as Sakra, lord of the Thirty-Three gods, known in China as Dishitian and in Japan as Taishakuten.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)"},{"god_a":"Bonten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Brahma","kind":"adopted","by":"Japanese Twelve Devas, early Heian period","note":"Brahma became Bonten, one of the Twelve Devas who guard the directions in esoteric Buddhism.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Devas"},{"god_a":"Enmaten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Yama","kind":"adopted","by":"Japanese Twelve Devas, early Heian period","note":"Yama, lord of the dead, became Enmaten among the Twelve Devas.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Devas"},{"god_a":"Agni","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Katen","kind":"adopted","by":"Japanese Twelve Devas, early Heian period","note":"The Vedic fire god became Katen, a dharma guardian among the Twelve Devas of Shingon.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni"},{"god_a":"Suiten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Varuna","kind":"adopted","by":"Japanese Twelve Devas, early Heian period","note":"Varuna became Suiten, the water deva of Japanese Buddhism.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna"},{"god_a":"Nitten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Surya","kind":"adopted","by":"Japanese Twelve Devas, early Heian period","note":"The sun god Surya is Nitten among the Twelve Devas.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Devas"},{"god_a":"Chandra","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Gatten","kind":"adopted","by":"Japanese Twelve Devas, early Heian period","note":"The moon god Chandra is Gatten among the Twelve Devas.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Devas"},{"god_a":"Ishanaten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Shiva","kind":"adopted","by":"Japanese Twelve Devas, early Heian period","note":"Shiva in his form Ishana became Ishanaten among the Twelve Devas.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Devas"},{"god_a":"Kubera","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Vaisravana (Bishamonten)","kind":"adopted","by":"Buddhist Four Heavenly Kings tradition","note":"The Hindu wealth god Kubera became Vaisravana, king of the north, Bishamonten in Japan.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a"},{"god_a":"Benzaiten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Saraswati","kind":"adopted","by":"Sutra of Golden Light; reached Japan 6th-8th c. CE","note":"Saraswati travelled through China to Japan as Benzaiten, goddess of eloquence and music.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzaiten"},{"god_a":"Mahakala","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Shiva","kind":"adopted","by":"Vajrayana and Chinese esoteric Buddhism","note":"Shiva's form as Great Time was taken into Buddhism as Mahakala, a fierce protector of the dharma.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikokuten"},{"god_a":"Daikokuten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Mahakala","kind":"adopted","by":"Japanese Buddhism, Heian period onward","note":"Mahakala became Daikokuten in Japan and, later, a smiling god of plenty.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikokuten"},{"god_a":"Daikokuten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Okuninushi","kind":"identified","by":"Japanese Shinto-Buddhist syncretism, medieval period","note":"Daikokuten, one of the Seven Lucky Gods, was conflated with the Shinto god Okuninushi.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikokuten"},{"god_a":"Okuninushi","pantheon_a":"Japanese (Shintō)","god_b":"Yakushi Nyorai","kind":"identified","by":"Honji suijaku, 10th-13th c. CE","note":"Okuninushi's original ground was given as Yakushi, the healing Buddha.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honji_suijaku"},{"god_a":"Ganesha","pantheon_a":"Hindu","god_b":"Kangiten","kind":"adopted","by":"Shingon and Tendai Buddhism, Heian period","note":"Kangiten, the \"god of bliss\", is the Buddhist form of Ganesha.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangiten"},{"god_a":"Dakiniten","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Inari","kind":"identified","by":"Shinto-Buddhist syncretism, Toyokawa Inari and others, medieval period","note":"Inari's female aspect was identified with the fox-riding Dakiniten, so temples could keep Inari worship as Buddhist.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami"},{"god_a":"Avalokitesvara","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Guanyin","kind":"adopted","by":"Chinese translations of the Lotus Sutra, 3rd-5th c. CE; female form from c. 12th c.","note":"The bodhisattva of compassion became Guanshiyin in China, later shown as a woman.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"god_a":"Amaterasu","pantheon_a":"Japanese (Shintō)","god_b":"Dainichi Nyorai (Vairocana)","kind":"identified","by":"Honji suijaku, codified around the start of the Kamakura period","note":"The sun goddess was explained as the local trace of the cosmic sun Buddha Dainichi.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honji_suijaku"},{"god_a":"Amida (Amitabha)","pantheon_a":"Buddhist","god_b":"Hachiman","kind":"identified","by":"Honji suijaku; Hachiman titled Great Bodhisattva in 781","note":"Hachiman was named Great Bodhisattva by the court in 781 and his original ground was held to be Amida.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachiman"},{"god_a":"Guan Yu","pantheon_a":"Chinese","god_b":"Sangharama Bodhisattva","kind":"adopted","by":"Legend of Zhiyi at Jade Spring Hill, 592 CE","note":"Guan Yu is said to have appeared to the Tiantai master Zhiyi and became the temple guardian Sangharama.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yu"},{"god_a":"Quetzalcoatl","pantheon_a":"Mesoamerican","god_b":"Thomas the Apostle","kind":"identified","by":"Spanish clerical chroniclers, 16th c.","note":"Early Spanish clerics identified the god-ruler Quetzalcoatl with the apostle Thomas, said to have preached in the New World.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatl"},{"god_a":"Kukulkan","pantheon_a":"Mesoamerican","god_b":"Quetzalcoatl","kind":"identified","by":"Feathered serpent cult, Chichen Itza, c. 900-1200 CE","note":"The Yucatec Kukulkan, \"feathered snake\", is the Maya form of Quetzalcoatl.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukulkan"},{"god_a":"Chaac","pantheon_a":"Mesoamerican","god_b":"Tlaloc","kind":"adopted","by":"Mesoamerican rain-god tradition","note":"The Aztec rain god was probably adopted from the Maya Chaac, perhaps from an older Olmec precursor.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaloc"},{"god_a":"Tinia","pantheon_a":"Etruscan","god_b":"Zeus","kind":"identified","by":"Etruscan religion, Archaic period","note":"The Etruscan sky god Tinia was compared with Zeus, though never wholly conflated with him.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_mythology"},{"god_a":"Menrva","pantheon_a":"Etruscan","god_b":"Minerva","kind":"identified","by":"Etruscan and Roman religion","note":"Menrva is the Etruscan form of the goddess the Romans called Minerva.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_mythology"},{"god_a":"Aritimi","pantheon_a":"Etruscan","god_b":"Artemis","kind":"adopted","by":"Etruscan Orientalizing period, 7th c. BCE","note":"Aritimi is Artemis taken into the Etruscan pantheon.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_mythology"},{"god_a":"Aplu","pantheon_a":"Etruscan","god_b":"Apollo","kind":"adopted","by":"Etruscan religion, Archaic period","note":"Aplu is the Etruscan form of Apollo.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_mythology"},{"god_a":"Gozu Tenno","pantheon_a":"Japanese (Shintō)","god_b":"Susanoo","kind":"identified","by":"Kamakura-period sources, 1185-1333","note":"The plague god of Gion was equated with Susanoo from the Kamakura period, and Yasaka Shrine still enshrines him as Susanoo.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozu_Tenn%C5%8D"},{"god_a":"Gozu Tenno","pantheon_a":"Japanese (Shintō)","god_b":"Yakushi Nyorai","kind":"identified","by":"Honji suijaku, Heian-Kamakura periods","note":"The original ground of Gozu Tenno was the healing Buddha Bhaisajyaguru, Yakushi.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozu_Tenn%C5%8D"},{"god_a":"Nerthus","pantheon_a":"Norse","god_b":"Njörðr","kind":"cognate","by":"Proto-Germanic *Nerthuz","note":"Nerthus is the exact linguistic precursor of the Norse god Njord, though the goddess became a male god.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerthus"},{"god_a":"Saint Barbara","pantheon_a":"Christian (saints)","god_b":"Shango","kind":"identified","by":"Afro-Cuban Santeria, 16th-19th c.","note":"Enslaved Yoruba in Cuba linked Chango with Saint Barbara, both associated with the colour red.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa"},{"god_a":"Our Lady of Charity","pantheon_a":"Christian (saints)","god_b":"Ọ̀ṣun","kind":"identified","by":"Afro-Cuban Santeria, 16th-19th c.","note":"Ochun, the river goddess of love, is honoured as Our Lady of Charity, patron saint of Cuba.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa"},{"god_a":"Eshu","pantheon_a":"Yoruba","god_b":"Holy Infant of Atocha","kind":"identified","by":"Afro-Cuban Santeria, 16th-19th c.","note":"Elegua, the Cuban form of Eshu, is matched with the Christ child of Atocha because he is seen as childlike.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa"},{"god_a":"Holy Trinity","pantheon_a":"Christian (saints)","god_b":"Olodumare","kind":"identified","by":"Afro-Cuban Santeria, 16th-19th c.","note":"The supreme Yoruba creator Olodumare is linked with the Christian Trinity.","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa"}]